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Cross Culture Differences in behaviour.
Culture is shared values, attitudes and beliefs.
An individual’s cultural background can be very influential in determining whether or not an individual will give or receive help. The two main differences between cultures are whether they are individualist or collectivist. Individualists cultures stress the need for individual achievement and independence. They are less likely to help unless it is rewarding for them. Egotistic. Collectivist cultures stress the need for independence focusing on community. This culture is more likely to help others.
Miller. 94. Explored cultural differences in helping behaviour. Miller compared Hindu culture of India with the U.S.A and found that Hindu Indians feel a general obligation to respond to others needs, whereas Americans feel that level of helping is dependent upon the nature of the relationship. Conclusion, these findings show that there appears to be cross cultural differences in pro social behaviour.
Nadler.86. compared individualist and collectivist cultures. Israel urban dwellers were compared to those living on a kibbutz in terms of their attitudes to help.
Nadler found that those raised communally were more likely to help and seek help than those in a city.
This shows a clear cultural difference in perception of pro-social behaviour. Later in 93 Nadler, compared these groups with recent immigrants to Israel (U.S and soviet)
Kibbutz dwellers were most likely to help and soviet immigrants least likely to seek help and only did so from those they felt close to . This shows reciprocal helping is potent in some societies. All of this research evidence, clearly indicates that there are cross cultural differences in pro social behaviour. Darley in 1991 suggested that. In the U.S and perhaps in all advanced capitalistic societies, it is generally accepted that the true and basic motive for human action is self interest. It is primary motivation.
Whiting and Whiting in 1975, found that this selfish approach is not dominant in all cultures, they examined the behaviour of children between 3 and 10 in 6 cultures and found that all Kenya kids were altruistic but only 8 percent of U.S children were altruistic the other cultures were in-between the two extremes. Eisenberg and Mussen 1989. After reviewing many studies Eisenberg and Mussen found that most children reared on Mexican villages and Israeli Kibbutzim are most considerate and kind to their typical American counterparts. This shows that industrial societies focus more on competitiveness and personal success. This reduces co operation and altruism. The family structure is very different and is more altruistic seen in the Eisenburg and mussen and the Whiting and Whiting study. L’armand and peritone done a comparison study between altruistic behaviour in the U.S and India, contrast to what would be predicted Americans were more altruistic but only on low cost situations. This shows that Americans are altruistic but only when the cost is low or the reward is greater which does show egocentric tendencies. Eisenberg et al found that girls are more likely to be more helpful although the research findings are not always consistent. However Eagly and crowly found that in 99 studies 62% of males were more helpful than women. Overall these studies seem to show an inconsistency and contradict one another. The laboratory experiments lack high ecological validity as helping has a set time and is normally set for only one way in which to help. Field studies have found people are more likely to go out of their way to help people. Wills. The majority of research carried out in the west is laboratory based whereas much research done in non western societies use field studies. |
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